2023年8月6日发(作者：房光斗)
基督徒认信的救世主（即基督）拿撒勒人耶稣
圣经预言：弥赛亚（忧患之子）
谱系
马利亚——圣母
若瑟
圣家
血亲？——真正的家人
圣母领报、圣灵感孕
基督论：道成肉身
降生（伯利恒星）——圣诞节
初向外邦人显明——主显节
受洗（约旦河）——基督领洗日
受魔鬼试探（旷野）——四旬期
尽职
呼召十二使徒和门徒
山上宝训
行神迹
遭犹太人弃绝
山上显圣容——基督易容显光日
进入耶路撒冷——棕枝主日
诅咒无花果树
洁净圣殿
橄榄山讲论（橄榄山）
受膏抹
受难前夜
为门徒洗脚——濯足节
最后的晚餐——圣餐
应许：求父派遣圣灵
客西马尼园的祷告（汲沦谷）
半夜被捕
受难当天——耶稣受难节
右盗
遗言
朗基努斯——命运之矛
受犹太公会审判（犹太公会）
受彼拉多审判
受罗马士兵鞭刑及调戏荆棘冠冕
示众
游街——拜苦路
被钉死于十字架INRI（各各他山）
被埋葬（圣墓）
复活后显现——复活节
升天（橄榄山顶）——耶稣升天节
派遣圣灵——五旬节
基督教历史
大使命：传福音（传播年表）
初期教会、宗徒传承
基督教派系（教派列表）
历史中的耶稣、耶稣的历史性（来源）
自称为耶稣者、假先知、敌基督
再临：千年王国、最后的审判
对古埃及人来说，心脏记录了一个人一生中的所有善行和恶行。一个人死后，在审判厅（Hall of Judgement）中会对他进行一场审判仪式，而他的心脏将被作为审判的主要依据。死者被狼头死神阿努比斯（Anubis）引入这个大厅，心脏被放在天平上，与玛特（Maat）神的真实之羽作重量方面的对比。接着阿努比斯调整天平的铅垂，图特（Thoth）神记录下裁决的结果（而根据三一律，所称量得出的结果只有三种：“真实之羽的重量 = 死者心脏的重量”或“死者心脏的重量 < 真实之羽的重量”或“死者心脏的重量 > 真实之羽的重量”）。经过裁决，如果在“真实之羽的重量 ≥ 死者心脏的重量”的情况下，死者就会受到庇护——死者会被阿努比斯引到欧西里斯（Osiris）的面前，从而得到永生；如果死者心脏的重量 > 真实之羽的重量（因为罪恶作祟的缘故），死者就会受到制裁——死者的心脏会被一只长着鳄鱼头、狮子的上身和河马后腿的恶魔吞噬者阿米特（Amit）所吞食。[来源请求]
参见：犹太教末世论
参见：基督教末世论
参见：伊斯兰教末世论
我嘱告你们和我自己要敬畏安拉，为那众生将长时间肃立见主之日（复生日）做准备，至尊主说：“信士们啊！你们应当敬畏安拉，每个人都要考虑自己为明天准备了什么。要敬畏安拉！安拉彻知你们的一切行为。”（《古兰经》59：18）
世界末日和后世复生是极其严重的大事，在天经和圣训中对此有大篇幅的预警，名称繁多描述各异，都形容其恐怖至极，令信士听后胆战心惊。所以，你们要虔诚敬意地为此多做准备：“那些因担心去见主而施该舍之物的人，是争先行善而获胜之人。”（《古兰经》23：60－61）
伪信者和不信者否定后世，他们的下场必然是受辱和遭殃：“那些否定会见安拉的人确实亏本了！等到那一时刻突然降临时，他们才会说：‘哎呀！可惜我们对此麻痹大意了。’他们背负着自己的罪孽，多么可恶的重负啊！”（《古兰经》6：31）
东方出现马赫迪（救世者）。他在天房前得到人民的宣誓效忠，使人间久违的公正和正义充满大地，他在世期间全世界一直享受主的福佑和慈悯。圣使说：“我的人民末期，将出现迈赫迪，安拉给他降下及时雨，大地物产丰富，财富分配公平，牲畜繁多，人民强盛，他将生活七八年。”（艾卜赛义德·呼德瑞传述《哈克目圣训录》）
伪基督麦西哈丹扎里出现。他妖言惑众并能显示许多奇异现象，是人们叛主和迷误的罪魁祸首，他是个独眼龙，眉间写着“叛主”一词。圣使在描述其异象时曾说：“……然后他来蛊惑一群民众，人们都相信并响应他，他便呼风唤雨命地产物，牲畜丰产，膘肥体壮奶足；然后他去蛊惑另一群民众，遭拒绝后愤然离去，那些不听他话的人却变得一贫如洗。他在经过一处废墟时对它说：‘现出你的宝藏来！’于是宝藏就像蜂群围着蜂王一样随他而去；他唤来一个朝气蓬勃的青年，一剑将他劈成两半，然后召唤一声，那青年便又满面笑容地应声而来。就在他胡作非为之际，玛利亚之子耶稣奉安拉之命而来。……”（南瓦斯·本塞目安传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
先知对伪基督的危害性做了详细的描述，并对人们进行了严厉的警告，他要求我们在礼拜时求主护佑免遭此魔头的伤害，他说：“你们在拜中念完作证词后，求主保佑免遭四项灾难之害，说：‘主啊！求您保佑我免遭火狱之灾、免遭坟墓之灾、免遭生死痛苦之灾、免遭伪基督之灾。’”（艾卜胡莱赖传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
又说：“谁背诵了《山洞章》中的前十节经文，谁就能免遭伪基督之害。”（艾卜代尔达尔传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
玛利亚之子耶稣降世。他奉命从天上灵魂与肉体一同降世，在世间主持公道、灭猪、打碎十字架、杀死伪基督，凡是信奉天经的人都追随他，全都皈依伊斯兰，安拉将给所有的时间和食物降福。
耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲出世。这是一群人数众多势力强大的民众，无人能够打败他们，他们的面孔像盾牌，宽脸塌鼻，他们每经过一地，水源必被吸干，建筑被毁殆尽。最后，先知耶稣祈求安拉消灭耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲，于是安拉用缠绕其脖子的寄生虫消灭他们，然后又派飞鸟将其衔到至尊主意欲之地。
东方沉陷，西方沉陷。大面积地陷是主对人类的警告和惩罚，人类对此惊恐万分，纷纷向主讨饶。
阿拉伯半岛沉陷。圣伴侯载法·本吴塞德·给法瑞说：“先知看到我们讨论问题，便问：‘你们在讨论什么？’我们说在讨论世界末日，先知说：‘世界末日不发生，除非先看见十大征兆。’他提到了烟雾、伪基督、怪兽、太阳从西方升起、玛丽亚之子耶稣降世、耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲、东方沉陷、西方沉陷、阿拉伯半岛沉陷，最后是也门喷出烈火，将人们赶到一个集合的地方。”（《穆斯林圣训录》）
太阳从西方升起。淡忘信仰的人们以为这是忏悔的最佳时机，其实此时忏悔已经来不及了，圣使说：“末日不发生，直到太阳从西边升起，当世人目睹太阳从西边升起时全都皈依了，而此时的忏悔却于事无补，正所谓：‘以前不信或虽信而未做好事之人，此时其信仰已无济于事。（6：158）’”（艾卜胡莱赖传述《两大圣训录》）
怪兽出现。至尊主说：“当对他们的预言发生时，我从地上生出一种怪兽对他们讲话，因为世人已不信我的启示。”（《古兰经》27章82节）那是一个会说话的怪兽，在世界末日前夕前来谴责世人，它擦亮信士的脸以标上信主的标志，在不信者的鼻子上印上不信主的标志。
《穆斯林圣训实录》41:6985：“复生日不会来临，直到穆斯林杀戮犹太人。当穆斯林追杀犹太人，他们藏于石头和树木后时，石头和树木就会喊：‘穆斯林！安拉的仆民！我后面的就是犹太人，快来杀他！’但厄尔盖德树不会这样，因为它是犹太人的树。”[1]
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：最后的审判
16世纪的米开朗基罗为罗马西斯廷礼拜堂创作的壁画《最后的审判》
Jean Cousin 《最后的审判》
Jean Cousin的作品
好莱坞系列电影《终结者》中，天网对人类发动的核战争被称为“审判日”。
跳转^ The Book Pertaining to the Turmoil and Portents of the Last Hour (Kitab Al-Fitan wa Ashrat As-Sa`ah) 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-08-01., Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 41.
从维基百科的姊妹计划
了解更多有关
“Last Judgment”的内容
维基词典上的字词解释
维基共享资源上的多媒体资源
维基新闻上的新闻
维基语录上的名言
维基文库上的原始文献
维基教科书上的教科书和手册
维基学院上的学习资源
Catholic Encyclopedia "General Judgment"
Judgment Day Past and Future – slideshow by Life magazine
Swedenborg, E. The Last Judgment and Babylon Destroyed. All the Predictions in the Apocalypse are at This Day Fulfilled (Swedenborg Foundation 1951)
宗教主题
犹太教主题
基督教主题
伊斯兰教主题
神义论、状告上帝
末世论
世界末日
救世主、弥赛亚、千年王国
犹太教末世论
基督教末世论：橄榄山讲论、分羊的比喻、大灾难
伊斯兰教末世论
The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or The Day of the Lord (Hebrew Yom Ha Din) (יום הדין) or in Arabic Yawm al-Qiyāmah (یوم القيامة) or Yawm ad-Din (یوم الدین) is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
Some Christian denominations consider the Second Coming of Christ to be the final and eternal judgment by God of the people in every nation[1] resulting in the glorification of some and the punishment of others. The concept is found in all the Canonical gospels, particularly the Gospel of Matthew. Christian Futurists believe it will take place after the Resurrection of the Dead and the Second Coming of Christ while Full Preterists believe it has already occurred. The Last Judgment has inspired numerous artistic depictions.
The Last Judgment by Michelangelo
Hans Memling's Last Judgement, 1467–1471. National Museum, Gdańsk.
The doctrine and iconographic depiction of the "Last Judgment" are drawn from many passages from the apocalyptic sections of the Bible, but most notably from Jesus' teaching of the strait gate in the Gospel of Matthew and also found in the Gospel of Luke:
Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat: Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it. Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so, every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Therefore, by their fruits ye shall know them. Not every one that saith unto me: Lord, Lord, shall enter into the Kingdom of Heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in Heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity. (Matthew 7:13–23)
Then said one unto him, Lord, are there few that be saved? And he said unto them, Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able. When once the master of the house is risen up, and hath shut to the door, and ye begin to stand without, and to knock at the door, saying, Lord, Lord, open unto us; and he shall answer and say unto you, I know you not whence ye are: Then shall ye begin to say, We have eaten and drunk in thy presence, and thou hast taught in our streets. But he shall say, I tell you, I know you not whence ye are; depart from me, all ye workers of iniquity. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, and you yourselves thrust out. (Luke 13:23–28)
The Last Judgment mosaic (14th-century), Saint Vitus Cathedral, Prague, Czech Republic
It also appears in the Sheep and the Goats section of Matthew where the judgment seems entirely based on help given or refused to "one of the least of these my brethren"[2] who are identified in Matthew 12 as "whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven".[3]
“When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory. All the nations will be gathered before him, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will put the sheep at his right hand and the goats at the left. Then the king will say to those at his right hand, ‘Come, you that are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, I was naked and you gave me clothing, I was sick and you took care of me, I was in prison and you visited me.’ (Matthew 25:31–36),
And the king will answer them, ‘Truly I tell you, just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me.’ Then he will say to those at his left hand, ‘You that are accursed, depart from me into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels; for I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not welcome me, naked and you did not give me clothing, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.’ (Matthew 25:40–43)
Then he will answer them, ‘Truly I tell you, just as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.’ And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.” (Matthew 25:45–46)
The doctrine is further supported by passages in the Books of Daniel, Isaiah and the Revelation:
Then I saw a great white throne and him who was seated on it. From his presence earth and sky fled away, and no place was found for them. And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and books were opened. Then another book was opened, which is the book of life. And the dead were judged by what was written in the books, according to what they had done. (Rev 20:11–12)
Even now the axe is lying at the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. "I baptize you with water for repentance, but one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to carry his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire. His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing-floor and will gather his wheat into the granary; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire." (Matthew 3:10–12)
Just as the weeds are collected and burned up with fire, so will it be at the end of the age. The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will collect out of his kingdom all causes of sin and all evildoers, and they will throw them into the furnace of fire, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father. Let anyone with ears listen! (Matthew 13:40–43)
I tell you, my friends, do not fear those who kill the body, and after that can do nothing more. But I will warn you whom to fear: fear him who, after he has killed, has authority to cast into hell. Yes, I tell you, fear him! (Luke 12:4–5)
I came to bring fire to the earth, and how I wish it were already kindled! (Luke 12:49)
Main article: Amillennialism
Amillennialism is the standard view in Christian denominations such as the Anglican, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist and Presbyterian/Reformed Churches.[4][5] It holds that "the kingdom of God is present in the church age",[6] and that the millennium mentioned in the book of Book of Revelation is a "symbol of the saints reigning with Christ forever in victory."[7]
The Last Judgment by John Martin (1854)
Article IV - Of the Resurrection of Christ in Anglicanism's Articles of Religion and Article III - Of the Resurrection of Christ of Methodism's Articles of Religion state that:[8][9]
Christ did truly rise again from death, and took again his body, with flesh, bones, and all things appertaining to the perfection of Man's nature; wherewith he ascended into Heaven, and there sitteth, until he return to judge all Men at the last day.[8][9]
As such, Anglican and Methodist theology holds that "there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection of the dead, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."[10][11] This space, termed Hades, is divided into Paradise (the Bosom of Abraham) and Gehenna "but with a***********e gulf between the two".[12][13] Souls remain in Hades until the Last Judgment and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment".[14][15] Anglican and Methodist theology holds that at the time of the Last Day, "Jesus will return and that He will 'judge both the quick and the dead',"[16][17] and "all [will] be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25)."[18] The "issue of this judgment shall be a permanent separation of the evil and the good, the righteous and the wicked" (see The Sheep and the Goats).[19][20] Moreover, in "the final judgment every one of our thoughts, words, and deeds will be known and judged" and individuals will be justified on the basis of their faith in Jesus, although "our works will not escape God's examination."[17][21]
Belief in the Last Judgment (often linked with the General judgment) is held firmly in Catholicism. Immediately upon death each soul undergoes the particular judgment, and depending upon the state of the person's soul, goes to Heaven, Purgatory, or Hell. A soul in Purgatory will always reach Heaven, but those in Hell will be there eternally.
The Last Judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with its own physical body.[22] The Catholic Church teaches that at the time of the Last Judgment Christ will come in His glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice with those believing in Christ (and the unknown number of the righteous ignorant of Christ's teaching, but who might be mysteriously saved through by Christ's atonement), going to everlasting bliss, and those who reject Christ going to everlasting condemnation. At that time, all will be resurrected. Those who were in purgatory will have already been purged, meaning they would have already been released into Heaven, and so like those in Heaven and Hell will resurrect with their bodies. Following the Last Judgment, the bliss of Heaven & Earth, as well as the pains of Hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain. After the Last Judgment the Universe itself will be renewed with a new Heaven and a new earth in the World to Come. The Eastern Orthodox and Catholic teachings of the Last Judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in-between state of purgatory/Abraham's Bosom. These differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and tradition.
The Last Judgment, 17th-century icon from Lipie. Historic Museum in Sanok, Poland.
The Last Judgment, mural from Voroneț Monastery, Romania
The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that there are two judgments: the first, or "Particular" Judgment, is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death, at which time God will decide where[23] the soul is to spend the time until the Second Coming of Christ (see Hades in Christianity). This judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death. The second, "General" or "Final" Judgment will occur after the Second Coming. Although in modern times some have attempted to introduce the concept of soul sleep into Orthodox thought about life after death, it has never been a part of traditional Orthodox teaching, and it even contradicts the Orthodox understanding of the intercession of the Saints.
Eastern Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by God as a free gift of Divine grace, which cannot be earned, and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all. However, the deeds done by each person are believed to affect how he will be judged, following the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats. How forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well-defined in scripture, judgment in the matter being solely Christ's. Similarly, although Orthodoxy teaches that salvation is obtained only through Christ and his Church, the fate of those outside the Church at the Last Judgment is left to the mercy of God and is not declared.
The Last Judgment, 1904
The theme of the Last Judgment is extremely important in Orthodoxy. Traditionally, an Orthodox church will have a fresco or mosaic of the Last Judgment on the back (western) wall (see the 12th-century mosaic pictured at the top of this page) so that the faithful, as they leave the services, are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during this earthly life.
The icon of the Last Judgment traditionally depicts Christ Pantokrator, enthroned in glory on a white throne, surrounded by the Theotokos (Virgin Mary), John the Baptist, Apostles, saints and angels. Beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the "mansions of the righteous" (John 14:2), i.e., those who have been saved to Jesus' right (the viewer's left); and the torments of those who have been damned to his left. Separating the two is the River of fire which proceeds from Jesus' left foot. For more detail, see below.
The theme of the Last Judgment is found in the funeral and memorial hymnody of the Church, and is a major theme in the services during Great Lent. The second Sunday before the beginning of Great Lent is dedicated to the Last Judgment. It is also found in the hymns of the Octoechos used on Saturdays throughout the year.
Lutherans do not believe in any sort of earthly millennial kingdom of Christ either before or after his second coming on the last day.[24] On the last day,[25] all the dead will be resurrected.[26] Their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying.[27] The bodies will then be changed, those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment,[28] those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory.[29] After the resurrection of all the dead,[30] and the change of those still living,[31] all nations shall be gathered before Christ,[32] and he will separate the righteous from the wicked.[33] Christ will publicly judge[34] all people by the testimony of their faith— [35] the good works[36] of the righteous in evidence of their faith,[37] and the evil works of the wicked in evidence of their unbelief.[38] He will judge in righteousness[39] in the presence of all and men and angels,[40] and his final judgement will be just damnation to everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift of life everlasting to the righteous.[41]
Main article: Millennialism
William Blake's The Day of Judgment printed in 1808 to illustrate the Robert Blair's poem "The Grave"
Particularly among those Protestant groups who adhere to a millennialist eschatology, the Last Judgment is said to be carried out before the Great White Throne by Jesus Christ to either eternal life or eternal consciousness in the lake of fire at the end of time. Salvation is granted by grace based on the individual's surrender and commitment to Jesus Christ. A second particular judgment they refer to as the Bema Seat judgement occurs after (or as) salvation is discerned when awards are granted based on works toward heavenly treasures.[42] What happens after death and before the final judgment is hotly contested; some believe all people sleep in Sheol until the resurrection, others believe Christians dwell in Heaven and pagans wander the earth, and others consider the time to pass instantaneously. Nevertheless, the body is not fully redeemed until after Death is destroyed after the Great Tribulation.
Protestant Millennialism falls into roughly two categories: Premillennialist (Christ's second coming precedes the millennium) and Postmillennialist (which sees Christ's second coming as occurring after the millennium).
Dispensational premillennialism generally holds that Israel and the Church are separate. It also widely holds to the pretribulational return of Christ, which believes that Jesus will return before a seven-year Tribulation followed by an additional return of Christ with his saints.
See also: Second Coming § Esoteric Christian teachings, and Esoteric Christianity
Although the Last Judgment is preached by a great part of Christian mainstream churches; the Esoteric Christian traditions like the Essenes and Rosicrucians, the Spiritualist movement, Christian Science, and some liberal theologies reject the traditional conception of the Last Judgment, as inconsistent with an all-just and loving God, in favor of some form of universal salvation.
Max Heindel taught that when the Day of Christ comes, marking the end of the current fifth or Aryan epoch, the human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment, where, as in the Days of Noah,[43] the chosen ones or pioneers, the sheep, will be separated from the goats or stragglers,[44] by being carried forward into the next evolutionary period, inheriting the ethereal conditions of the New Galilee in the making. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that all beings of the human evolution will ultimately be saved in a distant future as they acquire a superior grade of consciousness and altruism. At the present period, the process of human evolution is conducted by means of successive rebirths in the physical world[45] and the salvation is seen as being mentioned in Revelation 3:12 (KJV), which states "Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God and he shall go no more out". However, this western esoteric tradition states—like those who have had a near-death experience—that after the death of the physical body, at the end of each physical lifetime and after the life review period (which occurs before the silver cord is broken), it occurs a judgment, more akin to a Final Review or End Report over one's life, where the life of the subject is fully evaluated and scrutinized.[46]This judgment is seen as being mentioned in Hebrews 9:27, which states that "it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment".
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