中国陆军96/98/99式主战坦克

TYPE 96 MAIN BATTLE TANK中国96式主战坦克Date:2017-05-26 Source:Internet By:Globalmil Viewed:504

The Type 96 MBT was developed from the NORINCO Type 85 series. It is the final development variant of the Chinese second-generation MBT programme.96式主战坦克（MBT）从中国北方工业总公司（NORINCO）85式系列发展。它是中国第二代主战坦克（MBT）计划的最后发展型。

The Type 96 is the final development variant of China’s second-generation main battle tank (MBT) programme. The tank was derived from the Type 85 MBT prototype, and is approaching the standard of the third-generation MBTs in certain aspects. Developed and built by China North Industries Group Corporation (NORINCO), the Type 96 is in service with the PLA and with the Pakistani Army. The PLA has reportedly received about 1,500~2,000 Type 96s by the end of 2005, and the production will continue for some years to come.

96式是中国第二代主战坦克（MBT）计划的最后发展型。坦克来源于85式主战坦克（MBT）原型，而且在某些方面接近第三代主战坦克（MBT）标准。由中国北方工业（集团）总公司（NORINCO）发展和制造，96式在PLA和巴基斯坦陆军中服役。在2005年底之前，PLA已经据传闻大约接收到1,500~2,000辆96式，而且生产将会持续数年。

The Type 96 is replacing the ageing Type 59/69 series to become the PLA’s primary MBT, with over 1,500 examples delivered by 2005.96式正在更换陈旧59/69式系列成为PLA最主要的主战坦克（MBT），在2005年之前超过1,500辆被交付。

PROGRAMME计划

China began to develop its second-generation indigenous main battle tank (MBT) in the early 1980s, with two early variants Type 80 and Type 85 being introduced in 1988. While the Type 80 later entered service with the PLA as the Type 88, the Type 85 continued as an experiment research project by the NORINCO. The result of the 1991 Gulf War made the PLA realise that its existing second-generation MBT Type 88 was no match to Western designs. Because of the delay in the Chinese third-generation MBT programme, the PLA was left with no choice but to continue improving the Type 85 design.

中国在1980年早期开始发展它的第二代本国自行生产的主战坦克（MBT），在1988年二种早期型号80式和85式推出。80式稍后进入PLA服役被称为88式，85式被当做中国北方工业总公司（NORINCO）的一项实验研究计划。1991年海湾战争的结果使PLA觉悟它已有的第二代的主战坦克（MBT）88式不能对西方设计的相匹配。因为中国第三代主战坦克（MBT）计划的迟延，PLA没有选择只能继续去改进85式设计。

The Type 85 prototype developed in the mid-1980s. The tank was based on the chassis of the Type 80, but fitted with a new welded turret.85式原型在1980年中期发展。坦克以80式车底盘为基础，但是安装一个新的焊接炮塔。

A radically improved variant of the Type 85 known 沈醉回忆录as Type 85IIM was introduced in the mid-1990s. This variant features a Chinese indigenous 125mm smoothbore main gun, which is fitted with an autoloader copied from the Russian 2A46 design. The tank also has enhanced armour protection, more sophisticated fire-control system, and night vision equipment. The Pakistani Army received several hundred of this variant in the late 1990s. A further improved variant Type 85-III with a 1,000hp diesel engine and explosive reaction armour (ERA) plates was introduced by NORINOC in 1995.在1990年中期，85式的一种根本地改进型即是85IIM式推出。这一种改型以一门中国自行生产的125毫米滑膛主炮为特点，配备有从俄国2A46设计仿造的自动装弹机。坦克也提高了装甲保护，更复杂的火控系统和夜视装置。巴基斯坦陆军在1990年后期接收到了几百辆这一种改型。在1995年，由NORINOC生产的一种更进一步的改进型85-III式，采用1,000马力发动机和爆农村房屋设计图大全炸反应装甲(ERA)块。

The Type 96 is approaching the standard of the third-generation Chinese MBTs such as Type 98 in fire-power and mobility.96式正在接近第三代中国主战坦克（MBT）的标准火力和机动性，像是98式。

The Type 85-III design received its design certificate in 1996, and was officially designated by the PLA as Type 96. The tank entered operational service with the PLA ground forces from 1997. The PLA had reportedly received over 1,500 examples of the Type 96 by 2005. Recent photos released by Chinese state media confirmed that all of the PLA’s elite armoured divisions are now equipped with the Type 96 MBT.

85-III式设计在1996年接收了它的设计证明书，正式地被PLA指定为96式。坦克从1997年进入PLA操作服役。PLA在2005年之据传闻已经接收到超过1,500辆96式。 据中国官方媒体最近相片确认，所有的PLA精锐装甲师，现在装备96式主战坦克（MBT）。

All of the PLA’s elite armoured divisions are now equipped with the Type 96 MBT.所有PLA的精锐装甲师现在装备96式主战坦克（MBT）。

It is somehow unusual for the PLA to receive two MBTs Type 96 and Type 98/99 at the same time. One possible explanation is that the Type 98/99, though exceeding the Type 96 in performance and technology, will only be equipped by s small number of the most elite units due to its high unit price. The Type 96, with its less sophisticated technology and therefore cheaper unit price, will be equipped in significant numbers to replace the ageing Type 56/69 series.

不知何故，不寻常的是PLA同时接收二种主战坦克（MBT）96式和98/99式。一种可能的解释是98/99式，虽然性能和技术超过96式，只将会仅仅装备小数量的最精锐的部队，这主要由于高单位价格。96式，由于它的较少的技术复杂性因此单位价格较低，将会被大量装备代替除旧56/69式系列。

VARIANTS改型

命名（Designations）说明（Description）85式原型。80式底盘加上一个焊接炮塔。105毫米滑膛炮-Prototype. Type 80 chassis plus a welded turret. 105mm rifled main gun85-I式改进型采用主炮热护套管-Improved variant with heat sleeve for main gun85-II式改进型采用改进的火控系统-Improved variant with modified fire-control85-IIM式采用自动装弹机的125毫米滑膛炮的第一种型号。对巴基斯坦外销。-First version with the auto-loading 125mm smoothbore gun. Export to Pakistan85IIAP式为巴基斯坦的简化85IIM式改型-Simplified variant of the Type 85IIM for Pakistan85-III式升级采用一台1,000马力柴油发动机。安装新的爆炸反应装甲（ERA）。只不过原型没有生产-Upgraded with a 1,000hp diesel engine. New explosive reactive armour installed. Prototype only with no production96式85-III 式国内型，在PLA服役中。-Domestic version of the Type 85-III in use with PLA

DESIGN设计

The Type 96 uses a conventional layout with three crewmembers. The driver compartment is located at the front (left-side); the turret is mounted in the middle and the engine compartment in the rear. Suspension 奶茶粉is of the conventional torsion bar type and there are six rubber-tyred roadwheels on each side, with the drive sprocket at the rear. The turret and hull are of all-welded steel armour construction.

96式采用常规布局采用三人成员组。驾驶员舱位于前部 (左侧)；炮塔安装在中部和发动机安装在后部。悬挂采用传统扭力杆并且在每侧有六个橡胶-轮彀负重轮，驱动链轮在后部。炮塔和车体是全-焊接钢装甲制造。

The Type 96 the PLA’s first MBT that is fitted with a 125mm smoothbore gun and uses three-man crew with autoloader.96式是PLA第一种配备有一门125毫米滑膛炮装有自动装弹机和采用三名乘员的主战坦克（MBT）。

ARMAMENT武器

The Type 96 has an indigenous smoothbore 125mm/48-calibre gun with autoloader of Russian 2A46M design. By introducing the autoloader to reduce the crew to three men, more rounds are available for the higher rate of fire. The tank can carry 42 rounds, 22 of them stored in the carousel of the autoloader, and the gun can fire at 6~8 rounds per minute.96式采用本国自行生产的125毫米/48倍口径滑膛炮，装有俄国设计的2A46M自动装弹机。通过引进自动装弹机去减少乘员到三名，更多的弹药可供应用于高发射速度。坦克能携带42发弹药，他们中的22发在自动装弹机的圆盘传送带中储存，而且主炮能以6~8发/分钟的射速射击。

The main gun is capable firing APFSDS, HEAT, and HEAT-FRAG. The more recent BK-27 HEAT round offers a triple-shaped charge warhead and increased penetration against conventional armour and explosive reactive armour (ERA). The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is specially designed for use against reactive armour, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects.

主炮有能力发射APFSDS、HEAT和HEAT-FRAG。最新的BK-27HEAT弹药，提供一个三重-锥形装药弹头和增加对抗传统装甲和爆炸反应装甲（ERA）的穿透。BK-29弹药，在前部采用一个特别设计的硬穿透器，用来对抗反应装甲使用，而且被当做一种MP弹药具有碰片效果。

The tank also carries the Russian 9M119 Refleks (NATO codename: AT-11 Sniper) anti-tank guided missile system which is fired from the 125mm main gun. The range of the missile is 100m to 4,000m. The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5km. China has been producing the 9M119 mis赛事球星sile locally under license since the late 1990s.坦克也携带俄国9M119 Refleks(北约代号: AT-11“狙击兵”)从125毫米主炮发射的反坦克导弹系统。导弹的射程是100米到4,000米。系统预定去交战配备有爆炸反应装甲（ERA）的坦克和低飞空中目标，像是直升飞机，在射程达到5公里。中国从1990年后期在国内许可之下已经生产9M119导弹。

The Type 96 is also fitted with the Russian-made 9M119 Refleks (NATO codename: AT-11 Sniper) gun-fired anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), or its Chinese licensed copy.96式也配备有俄国制造的9M119 Refleks（北约代号：AT-11 “狙击兵”）炮射反坦克导弹（ATGM）,或它的中国获许可的仿造型。

Auxiliary weapons include one 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, with a maximum fire-range of 1,800 m and a fire rate of 250 rounds/min. A 12.7mm/50-calibre anti-aircraft machine gun is mounted on the command cupola, with a maximum fire-range of 2,000m.

附加的武器包括7.62毫米同轴机枪，具有1,800米的最大射程和250发/分钟射速。12.7毫米/.50口径防空机枪被安装在指挥炮塔上，具有2,000米的最大射程。

FIRE CONTROL AND OBSERVATION火控和观察

Fire accuracy is attained by an ISFCS-212 image-stabilised fire control system with laser rangefinder input. In addition, the tank may be fitted with GPS and infrared jamming/disturbing systems.射击精度的获得由一套ISFCS-212图像-稳定火控系统使用激光测距仪输入。除此之外，坦克可能配备有全球定位系统和红外抑制/干扰系统。

PROTECTION保护

The hull and turret are protected by composite armour plating. Wheels and tracks are protected by rubber hull skirts. The turret is surrounded by storage racks are more of a Western design influence. Those storage racks not only offer extra places for the crew to store their equipment but it also provides additional protections against HEAT projectiles. There are six smoke grenade launchers on each side of the turret. Additional smoke can be generated by injecting diesel fuel in to the engine's exhaust.

车体和炮塔由复合装甲块保护。车轮和履带由橡胶裙衬保护。炮塔被仓储架包围更多的是西方设计影响。那些仓储架不但提供额外的位置让组员储存他们的装备而且它也提供对抗HEAT射弹的附加保护。在炮塔的每侧有六个烟榴弹发射器。另外的烟幕可能由喷射柴油燃料到发动机排气管产生。

PROPULSION推进

The Type 96 has a combat weight of 42.5t. It is powered by a liquid cooled 1,000hp diesel engine, providing a power to weight ratio of about 23.52hp/ton. The engine can be replaced within 40 minutes in field conditions, and gives the tank a maximum road speed of 57km/h.

96式战斗重量42.5吨。它采用一台水冷1,000马力发动机，提供大约23.52马力/吨功率到重量比。发动机在战场状态中在40分钟内能被替换，而且提供给坦克57公里/小时最大道路速度。

SPECIFICATIONS规格

Crew: 3

Weight: 42.5 tons

Engine: 1,000hp liquid-cooled diesel

Transmission: Mechanical, planetary

Track: Metallic with RMSh, with rubber-tyred road wheels

Suspension: Torsion bar

Radio: Receive/transmit, telephone

Dimension: Length: 10.65m; Height: 2.30m; Width: 3.30m

Cruising Range: 400km

Speed: Max road 65km/h

Fording Depths: N/A

Main Gun: 125mm smoothbore, 42 rounds

Ra送老师什么礼物合适te of Fire: 6~8 rounds/min

Elevation/Depression: N/A

Auxiliary Weapon: One coaxial 7.62mm machine gun; one 12.7mm air-defence machine gun

Fire Control: ISFCS with laser rangefinder input, onboard computer, wind sensor, and control panel

组员： 3

重量： 42.5 吨

发动机： 1,000 马力 水-冷柴油发动机

传动： 机械，行星

履带： 金属使用RMSh，橡胶-轮彀道路轮

悬挂： 扭力杆

无线电： 接收/传送，电话

尺寸： 长度 10.65 米；高度： 2.30 米；宽度： 3.30 米

航程： 400 公里

速度： 最大道路 65 公里/小时

涉水深度： N/A

主炮： 125 毫米 滑膛炮，42发

射速： 6~8发/分钟

俯角/仰角： N/A

辅助武器： 一挺同轴 7.62 毫米机枪；一挺 12.7 毫米防空机枪

火控： 使用激光测距仪输入的ISFCS，车载计算机，风传感器和控制仪表

TYPE 98/99 MAIN BATTLE TANK中国陆军98/99式主战坦克Date:2017-05-26 Source:Internet By:Globalmil Viewed:487

The Type 98/99 was originally based on the T-72, but later evolved into an entirely new design incorporating both indigenous and foreign technologies.中国98/99式本来以T-72为基础，但是稍后进展进入到一种完全地新设计之内，整合本国和国外技术。

The Type 98 (also known as ZTZ-98) is the PLA’s third genera道奇600tion indigenous main battl国家法律法规数据库e tank (MBT). Its batch production variant is Type 98G (also known as ZTZ-99 or Type 99). The tank was developed by Beijing-based China North Vehicle Research Institute (NEVORI, also known as 201 Institute) and manufactured by Inner Mongolia No.1 Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd (also known as 617 Factory) of Baotou, Inner Mongolia. A small number of the Type 99 is now in service with the PLA.

98式(也即是ZTZ-98)是PLA第三代本国自行研制的主战坦克（MBT）。它的批量生产改型是98G式(也即是 ZTZ-99或099式)。坦克由北京-基地中国北方车辆研究所(NEVORI，也即是201所) 发展和由内蒙古第一机械 (集团)公司制造(也即是617工厂)。少量的99式现在PLA 服役中。

PROGRAMME计划

China’s effort to develop a new generation indigenous MBT as a rival to the Soviet T-72 began in the late 1970s. The initial design was based on the German Leopard 2. In March 1979, the 201 Institute and 617 Factory introduced the first prototype codenamed 1224 tank. The tank was fitted with a 120mm smoothbore main gun and German-built MB8V331TC41 diesel engine. Later the design team introduced the improved 1226 and 1226F2 prototype tanks. All these prototypes showed characteristics of Western tank design such as welded turret in contrast to the traditional Soviet half-egg-shape cast turret.

中国努力发展一种新一代本国生产的主战坦克（MBT）被看做前苏联T-72主战坦克的一个对手，在1970年后期开始。开始设计以德国豹-2为基础。在1979年3月，201 所和617工厂推出了第一辆原型被命名为1224坦克。坦克配备有一个120毫米滑膛主炮和德国制造的 MB8V331TC41柴油发动机。稍后设计团队推出了改良的1226和1226 F2原型坦克。所有的这些原型显示西方坦克炮塔设计例如焊接炮塔，一改中国传统的苏联半卵形铸造炮塔设计。

After the plan to purchase the Leopard 2 tank from Germany was cancelled un 1981, the third-generation indigenous tank programme was finally given go ahead. However, the development soon went to a halt as the design team split into two sides with totally different perspectives. One side suggested a rather unconventional, if not revolutionary, design with Western-style 120mm smoothbore gun, gas turbine engine, and front-mounted engine layout similar to that of the Israeli Merkava. The other side supported a less radical design based on the Soviet T-72 hull, with a 125mm main gun and Western-designed diesel engine.

在1981年从德国购买豹-2坦克计划被取消之后，第三代本国制造坦克计划被最后批准进行。然而，当设计组分裂成完全地不同的两种远景设计时发展停止。一方提出宁可非传统，革命性的西方样式120毫米滑膛炮，燃气轮机，前置发动机布局，类似以色列Merkava；另一方支持基于苏联T-72外形一个比较不冒进设计，使用125毫米主炮和西方设计的柴油发动机。

As a result of the dispute, the programme made little progress until 1984, when the PLA leaders clearly showed their support to the less risky proposal to develop the new tank on the basis of the T-72. Zhu Yusheng was appointed as the chief designer of the new tank and the programme finally went into full scale development. In 1986 the third-generation tank project was officially approved by the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council. 男士手表品牌In Spring 1989 the PLA signed the contract with China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO), the parent company of 201 Institute and 617 Factory, to develop and build the third generation MBT.

由于争论，计划表现进展很小直到1984年，当PLA官员清楚地表示他们支持较小风险建议去基于T-72发展新坦克。朱Yusheng被任命为新坦克主设计师和计划最后进入全尺寸发展。在1986年第三代坦克计划正式地被中央军事委员会(CMC)和国外院批准了。在1989年春季PLA 向中国北方工业公司（NORINCO），201所和617工厂的母公司，签署合同发展和制造第三代主战坦克（MBT）。

The Type 98 prototype which did not enter production. The V-shape wave fence on the front hull armour and road wheels indicate strong Russian T-72 influence.没有进入生产的98式原型。V-形波浪板前车体装甲上和负重轮显示强烈的俄国T-72影响力。

A Type 98 prototype undergoing tests in the snow forest in north-eastern China. Note the slightly damaged, but not penetrated front armour on the turret after being hit by anti-tank weapons. The armour package of the Type 98 is of modular design, enabling damaged sections to be replaced or upgrades installed throughout service life. Explosive reactive armour (ERA) can be fitted if required.一辆98式原型在中国东北雪地森林经受测试。注意那些轻微损害，被反坦克武器打击之后但是没有穿透炮塔前装甲。98式装甲组件是模块化设计，允许受损的部分被代替或者在整个有效寿命期内升级安装。如果必需，能安装爆炸反应装甲（ERA）。

In early 1990, 617 Factory completed the first three experimental prototype tanks. Based on the initial test results, the design proposal was further optimised. In 1993, 617 Factory built additional four prototypes, which were tested between 1995 and 1996. In December 1996, four prototype tanks were handed to the PLA for extensive evaluation and tests. The design of the tank was finalised in 1996 and the tank was officially designed Type 98 (also known as ZTZ-98). A small number (less than 10) of the Type 98 was delivered to the PLA in 1999 to take part in the military parade held in Beijing to celebrate the country’s 50th anniversary.

在1990年早期，617工厂完成了第一批三辆实验原型坦克。基于初期试验结果，设计提议是进一步的确定最佳特性。在1993年，617工厂制造附加的四辆原型，在1995年和1996年之间被测试。在1996年12月，四辆原型坦克交到PLA用于广泛的评估和测试。坦克的设计在 1996年结束和坦克被正式地命名为98式(也即是ZTZ-98)。少量的98式在1999年被交付到PLA参加在北京举行的国庆第50周年阅兵仪式。

A PLA Type 99 main battle tank. The proto祝酒词type variant Type 98 did not enter batch production. Instead, the design team started to work on a new version with improved protections and reliability performance, named Type 98G or Type 99. The most distinctive feature on the Type 99 is the Leopard 2 A6-style additional reinforcement to the turret frontal armour. In late 2001, the first batch of 40 Type 99s were delivered to the PLA. However, its expensive unit cost makes it unlikely to be equipped in isizea significant number.一辆PLA 99式主战坦克。基本型98式没有进入批量生产。改为，设计组开始工作设计一种新的型号改进保护和可靠性能。产生98G式（较迟重新命为99式或ZTZ-99），以豹-2A6风格为特色，对炮塔前装甲增加强化，在2001年被首次展示。第一批40辆99式在2001年根据传闻被交付到PLA。然而，由于昂贵的单位成本不太可能大量装备。

The basic variant Type 98 did not enter batch production. Instead, the design team started to work on a new ve经济周期rsion with improved protections and reliability performance. The resulting Type 98G (later renamed to Type 99 or ZTZ-99), featuring a Leopard 2 A6-style additional reinforcement to the turret frontal armour, was first revealed in 2001. The first batch of 40 Type 99s were reportedly delivered to the PLA in 2001. The latest Internet photo confirmed that the tank is now in service with 38th Group Army in Beijing Military Region and 39th Group Army in Shenyang Military Region.

基本型98式没有进入批量生产。改为，设计组开始工作设计一种新的型号改进保护和可靠性能。产生98G式( 较迟重新命为99式或ZTZ-99)，以豹-2A6风格为硝安法师特色，对炮塔前装甲增加强化，在2001年被首次展示。第一批40辆99式在2001年根据传闻被交付到PLA。最近的英特网相片确认坦克是在北京军区的第38集团军和沈阳军区第39集团军服役中。

The latest Internet source photo confirmed that the Type 99 is now in operational service with the PLA. They are likely to be deployed in mixture with Type 96 and Type 88B main battle tanks.最近的英特网源相片确认99式目前在PLA的操作服役中。可能与96式和88 B式主战坦克混合部署。

The PLA Type 99s in exercise. As well as featuring improved firepower and protection, the Type 98/99 is also equipped with a computerised onboard information processing system consisting of navigation (Inertia/GPS), fire-control and real-time battlefield information display.在演习中的PLA 99式。改良火力和保护，98/99式也被安装一部车载计算机信息处理系统，包括导航（惯性/全球定位系统）、火控和实时战场信息显示装置。

DESIGN FEATURES设计特点

The design of the Type 98/99 shows both Russian T-72 and Western tank influence. The hull is similar to that of the T-72, but is about one metre longer. The hull comprises three sections: 1) the driving compartment at the front, 2) the fighting section in the centre, and 3) the engine at the rear of the vehicle. The turret of the tank is sloped to increase protection.中国98/99式的设计显示俄国T-72和西方坦克两者影响。外形与T-72类似，但是大概长度要多一米。坦克车体包括三个截面：1)在前面的驾驶区。2)中心战斗区。3)车辆后部发动机。坦克的炮塔采用倾斜设计增加保护。

The driver’s compartment is equipped with three observation periscopes, one of which has night vision input with a range of 2买电脑00m. Two headlights are located on the front armour of the hull. The turret is located in the centre of the vehicle. The rear of the turret of the Type 98 is surrounded by storage racks which provides additional protections against HEAT projectiles, but this has been removed on the Type 99. On the Type 99 there is a additional reinforcement to the turret frontal and lateral armour with externally mounted add-on armour modules and explosive reaction armour (ERA) plates.

驾驶区安装三个观测潜望镜，其中一个是夜视型有效距离200米。二个前灯位于前车体装甲上。炮塔位于坦克中心。98式的炮塔后面被存放架围绕提供对抗“反坦克高爆”（HEAT）的增加保护，但是这已经在99式上被取消。在99式那里额外增强炮塔前部和两侧装甲，增加外挂装甲模块和爆炸反应装甲(ERA)。

The Type 98/99 lacks protections some common protection features of Western tanks such as armour bulkheads to separate the crew compartment from the fuel tanks and rounds, and the top panels designed to blow outwards in case of explosion. This might lead to low survivability in real combat according to the experience of the 1991 Gulf War.中国98/99式坦克缺少一些西方坦克共有的一些保护特点，像是装甲隔板将乘员与燃料箱和弹药隔开，向外引导爆炸气流顶部诱导板设计。这依照1991年海湾战争的经验，可能在真正的战斗中导致降低生存性。

Suspension is of the conventional torsion bar type. There are six rubber-tyred roadwheels and three track return rollers on each side of the vehicle. The track and road wheels are protected by rubber skirts.

悬挂采用传统的扭力杆型。在坦克的每侧有六个橡胶轮箍负重轮和三个履带托带轮。履带和负重轮被橡胶裙衬保护。

ARMAMENT武器

The tank carries the Russian 9M119 Refleks (NATO codename: AT-11 Sniper) anti-tank guided missile system which is fired from the 125mm main gun. The range of the missile is 100m to 4,000m. The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5km. China has been producing the 9M119 missile locally under license since the late 1990s.坦克携带俄国9 M119 Refleks(北约代号：AT-11“狙击兵”)125毫米炮射反坦克导弹系统。导弹的射程是100米至4,000米。系统有能力同配备有爆炸反应装甲（ERA）的坦克和低飞空中目标交战，像是最大距离达到5公里的直升飞机。中国从1990年后期地方性地许可之下已经开始制造9M119导弹。

The tank is fitted with a 125mm automatic smoothbore gun with thermal sleeve. In contrast to the early reports which claimed that the gun was a licensed copy of the Russian 2A46, it is actually an indigenous design, though the automatic loader is believed to be Russian 海关网origin.坦克安装配有热换套管的125毫米自动滑膛炮。与早期据称主炮是采用得到许可生产的俄国2A46仿造型相反，它实际上是一个本国自行设计，虽然自动装弹机被相信是源自俄国。

The mina gun can fire between 8 rounds/minute using autoloader and 1~2 rounds/minutes with manual loading. Loading is hydro-mechanical with 41 rounds are carried in the vehicle. The gun fires separate loading projectiles which have semi-combustible花格子衬衫 cartridge case and sabot. Ammunition includes armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot rounds (APFSDS), high explosive anti-tank rounds (HEAT), and high explosive fragmentation (HE-FRAG).主炮射速使用自动装弹机达到8发/分钟之间和手动装填达到1~2发/分钟。液压机械装填连同41发弹药。主炮发射分装射弹，使用半可燃物弹壳和衬套。 弹药包括尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲弹(APFSDS)、高爆反坦克弹(HEAT)和高爆破甲弹(HE-FRAG)。

Secondary weapons include a 7.62mm coaxial machine gun and a 12.7mm air defence machine gun mounted on the commander's cupola. Each side of the turret has a 76mm Type 84 five-barrel smoke grenade launchers.

次武器包括7.62毫米同轴机枪和在指挥官顶舱口安装的一挺12.7毫米防空机枪。炮塔的每侧有一具76毫米84型五管烟榴弹发射器。

FIRE CONTROL AND OBSERVATION火控和观测

Fire accuracy is attained by the laser rangefinder, wind sensor, ballistic computer, and thermal barrel sleeve. Dual axis stabilisation ensures effective firing on the move. The commander is has six periscopes and a stabilised panoramic sight. Both the commander and gunner have roof-mounted stabilised sights fitted with day/thermal channels, a laser rangefinder and an auto tracker facility. The commander has a display showing the gunner's thermal sight, enabling the commander to fire the main gun. The Thermal Imaging System (TIS) with cooled detector using processing in the element (SPRITE) technology has magnification x11.4 narrow field of view and x5 wide field of view.射击精度被激光测距仪、风传感器、弹道计算机和热换套管实现。双轴稳定确保在移动中的射击效果。指挥官是有六个潜望镜和一个稳定全景观察器。指挥官和炮手都有车顶安装稳定瞄准器，装有昼/热视力通道；一套激光测距仪和车辆跟踪设备。指挥官有一个显示装置显示炮手的热视力，允许指挥官操作主炮。使用在机械要素 (子画面) 技术方面处理的和冷却的检波器的热成像系统(TIS)系统使用冷却探测器处理元素（SPRITE）技术，具有放大倍率x11.4狭窄视域和x5宽视域。

The Type 98 is also fitted with a compuerised onboard information processing system, which ckeil下载an collect information from vehicle navigation (Inertia/GPS), observation systems and sensors, process it in the computer and display it on the commander's display, giving the ability of real-time command and beyond-vision-range target engaging.

98式在车载计算机中配备有信息处理系统程序，能集合来自车辆导航(惯性/全球定位系统)、观测系统和传感器的信息。计算机处理后在指挥官的显示装置上显示，提供实时指令和超视距目标交战的能力。

PROTECTION保护

The turret and hull are of all-welded steel armour construction. A layer of composite armour has been added to the front arc. The armour package is of modular design, enabling damaged sections地毯清洗 to be replaced or upgrades installed throughout service life. The Type 99 is fitted with explosive reactive armour (ERA). There are five smoke grenade launchers on each side of the turret. Additional smoke can be generated by injecting diesel fuel in to the engine's exhaust.

炮塔和车体是全部-焊接钢板装甲制造。一个复合装甲层被增加到前弧。装甲组件采用模块化设计，允许受损的部分被代替或者在整个有效寿命期内升级安装。99式 配备有爆炸反应装甲（ERA）。在炮塔的每侧上有五个烟榴弹发射器。附加的烟幕装置能通过向发动机排气管喷洒柴油燃料生成。

ACTIVE LASER COUNTERMEASURES 主动激光干扰

The laser countermeasures system onboard the Type 98/99 comprises laser warning receiver (LWR), laser self-defence weapon (LSDW), laser range-finding, and laser communications/IFF systems.坦克车载激光干扰系统，98/99式包括激光告警接收机（LWR）、激光自防卫武器（LSDW）、激光范围-探测和激光通信/IFF系统。

The Type 98 features an JD-3 integrated laser rangefinder/warning/self-defence device. Unlike contemporary Russian active tank self-defence systems such as Drozd, Drozd-2, and Arena, which launch projectiles to disable or "shoot-down" incoming anti-tank missiles and projectiles, the Chinese system apparently uses a high-powered laser to directly attack the enemy weapon's optics萧明华 and gunner.中国98式以JD-3综合激光测距仪/警告/自己防卫装置为特色。不同于目前的俄罗斯主动坦克自防卫系统，像是Drozd、Drozd-2和竞技场，发射拦截射弹去破坏或“击落”入射的反坦克导弹和射弹。中国的系统显然地使用一种高功率激光直接地攻击敌人的武器光学系统和炮手。

The system includes what appears to be a laser warning receiver (LWR - the dome-shaped device on the turret roof behind the commander's position), that warns the crew that their tank is being illuminated by an enemy range-finding or weapon-guidance laser. The turret of the tank can then be traversed to face the direction of the enemy threat, and the laser self-defence weapon (LSDW - the box-shaped device on the turret roof behind the gunner's position), can be employed against the source of the enemy laser. 系统包括似乎有一个激光告警接收机(LWR-在指挥官位置后面的炮塔顶上的圆顶形装置)，警告组员他们的坦克被敌人的距离-探测或武器-制导激光照明。 坦克的转塔然后能横向旋转面向敌人的威胁方向，激光自防卫武器(LSDW-在炮手位置后面炮塔顶上的砂箱形装置)，能被使用对抗敌人的激光源。

The procedure of the laser weapon would first use a low-powered beam to locate the optics of the enemy weapon. Once the enemy weapon was located, the power level of the laser would be immediately and dramatically increased. Such an attack would disable the guidance optics of the enemy weapon and/or damage the eyesight of the enemy gunner.激光武器的程序会首先使用低功率光束去定位敌人武器的光学系统。一旦敌人的武器被定位，激光功率水平会立刻和急剧增强。一个如此攻击会使敌人的武器制导光学系统失去能力或损害敌人炮手的视力。

The available photos of the Type 98 have also confirmed that the laser weapon can be elevated to a higher angle than the tank's main gun, indicating that the engagement of attack helicopters is possible. In addition, the laser device could also be used for communications between friend tanks.

中国98式可得到的相片也已经确认激光武器能升高到高角超过坦克的主炮，表明能够与攻击直升飞机交战。 除此之外，激光装置也可以用于友军坦克之间的通信。

PROPULSION动力装置

The basic variant Type 98 is powered by a 150HB liquid cooled, turbocharged 1,200hp diesel derived from the Germany MB871ka501 diesel technology. At its current battle weight of 52t, this gives a power-to-weight ratio of about 23.54 hp/t. The maximum speed by road is 70km/h. Acceleration from 0 speed to 32km/h only takes 12 seconds. The transmission provides seven forward and one reverse gears.基本型98式安装150 HB水冷、涡轮增压1,200马力柴油发动机，来自德国MB871ka501柴油发动机技术。在坦克52吨战斗重量，提供大约23.54 马力/吨标识的传动比。最大的道路速度70 公里/小时。加速度12 秒内从0速度到32公里/小时。传动提供七个前进档和一个倒车档。

The improved Type 99 is fitted with an enhanced version 1,500hp diesel. The maximum speed by road is 80km/h and 60km/h cross country.改良的99式配备有增强的1,500马力柴油发动机。最大道路速度是80公里/小时和60公里/小时越野速度。

SPECIFICATIONS规格

Crew: 3

Weight: 52t

Engine: 1,200hp (Type 98) or 1,500hp (Type 99) liquid cooled diesel

Transmission: Mechanical, planetary

Track: Metallic with RMSh, with rubber-tyred road wheels

Suspension: Torsion bar

Radio: Receive/transmit, telephone, laser communications

Dimension: Length: 11.00m; Height: 2.20m; Width: 3.40m

Ground Pr保密资质办理essure: N/A

Cruising Range: 450km, or 600km with external tanks

Speed: Max road 70~80km/h; max off-road 60km/h; average cross-country 35km/h; max swim N/A

Fording Depths: 5m with snorkel

Main Gun: Indigenous 125mm smoothbore

Rate of Fire: 8 rounds/min (autoloader), 1~2 r/min (manual load)

Elevation/Depression: N/A

Auxiliary Weapon: One coaxial 7.62mm machine gun; one 12.7mm air-defence machine gun

Fire Control: Laser rangefinder input, onboard computer, wind sensor, and control panel

乘员： 3 名

重量： 52 吨

发动机： 1,200 马力(98式)或 1,500 马力(99式) 水冷柴油发动机

传动： 机械、行星

履带： 金属使用RMSh，采用橡胶-轮箍负重轮

悬挂： 扭力杆

无线电： 接收/传送、电话、激光通信

尺寸： 长度，11.00 米；高度，2.20 米；宽度， 3.40 米

接地压力： N/A

行程： 450 公里性转换漫画，或使用外部油箱600 公里

速度： 最大道路速度 70~80 公里/小时；最大越野速度 60 公里/小时；平均越野速度35 公里/小时；最大浮渡速度 N/A

涉水深度： 使用通气管 5 米

主炮： 本国自行研制的 125 毫米滑膛炮

射速： 8 发/分钟(自动装弹机)；1~2 发/分钟(手动装弹)

俯角/仰角：N/A

附加武器： 一挺同轴 7.62 毫米机枪；一挺 12.7 毫米防空机枪

火控： 激光测距仪输入，车载计算机，风传感器和控制面板