亚历山大·卡什但（Alexander Kazhdan）

Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan (Russian: Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Кажда́н; 3 September 1922 – 29 May 1997) was a Soviet-American Byzantinist.华尔街见闻

亚历山大·彼得罗维奇·卡什坦(俄语:Алекса́ндрПетро́вичКажда́н;1922年9月3日- 1997年5月29日)是一名美籍苏联裔的拜占庭历史学家。

在苏联（Soviet）

Born in Moscow, Kazhdan was educated at the Pedagogical Institute of Ufa and the University of Moscow, where he studied with the historian of medieval England, Evgenii Kosminskii.[1] A post-war Soviet initiative to revive Russian-language Byzantine studies led Kazhdan to write a dissertation on the agrarian history of the late Byzantine empire (published in 1952 as Agrarnye otnosheniya v Vizantii XIII-XIV vv.) Despite a growing reputation in his field, anti-Semitic prejudice in the Joseph Stalin-era Soviet academy forced Kazhdan to accept a series of positions as a provincial teacher (in Ivanovo, 1947–49, and Tula, 1949–52).[1] Following the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Kazhdan's situation improved, and he was hired by a college in Velikie Luki. In 1956 he finally secured a position in the Institute for History of the 最红星期五Soviet Academy of Sciences, 癌症转移where he remained until leaving the Soviet Union in 1978.

卡什坦出生于莫斯科，曾在乌法教育学院和莫斯科大学接受教育，师从于研究英国中世纪史的历史学家叶夫盖尼·科斯敏斯基。卫国战争结束后，苏联政府为了倡导复兴俄语的拜占庭研究， 指示卡什坦写了一篇关于拜占庭帝国晚期农耕史的论文(1952年出版，名为《13—14世纪拜占庭的土地关系》)。尽管他在史学界的名望不断上升，但约瑟夫·斯大林时代苏联大学内的反犹偏见迫使卡什坦接受了一些省级教师的职位(伊凡诺沃，1947 - 1949;图拉，1949 - 1952)。不过，在1953年斯大林去世后，卡什但的情况有所改善，他被大卢基的一所大学录取。1956年，他终于在苏联科学院历史研究所获得了一个职位，直到1978年离开苏联。

Kazhdan was an immensely prolific scholar throughout his Soviet career, publishing well over 500 books, articles, and reviews, and his publications contributed to the growing international prestige of Soviet Byzantine studie绯弹s.[2] His 1954 article, &#港澳签注34;Vizantiyskie goroda v VII-XI vv.," published in the journal Sovetskaya Arkheologiya, argued on the basis of archaeological and numismatic evidence that the seventh century constituted a major rupture in the urban society of Byzantium. This thesis has since been widely accepted[citation needed] and has led to intensive research on discontinuity in Byzantine history and the subsequent rejection of the earlier c唱戏机onception of the medieval Byzantine empire as a frozen relic of late antiquity. Other major studies dating from this first half of Kazhdan's career include Derevnya i gorod v Vizantii IX-X vv. (1960), a study of the relationship between city and countryside in the 9th and 10th centuries; Vizantiyskaya kul'tura (X-XII vv.) (1968), a study of Middle Byzantine culture; and Sotsial'ny sostav go苹果手机定位spodstvujushchego klassa Vizantii XI-XII vv. (1974), an influential prosopographical and statistical study of the structure of the Byzantine ruling class in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Kazhdan also contributed heavily to the field of Armenian studies, notably writing扎啤 about the Armenians who formed the elite ruling classes that governed the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Byzantine Era in his Armiane v sostave gospodstvuyushchego klassa Vizantiyskoy imperii v XI-XII vv. (1975).[3]

卡什但是一名非常高产的学者，他在苏联的时间里共出版了超过500本书，文章和评论，他的作品为提高苏联在拜占庭研究的国际声望作出了贡献。他1954年在《苏联考古学》杂志上发表的文章《13—14世纪拜占庭的土地关系》，该文以考古学和货币学为基础，论证了公元7世纪是拜占庭城市社会的一次重大断裂。这篇论文后来被广泛接受[需引证]，并导致对拜占庭历史中的间断性深入研究以及随后抛弃了以前的关于中世纪拜占庭帝国属于古代晚期的冰冻遗迹的概念。卡什但职业生涯前半部分的其他主要研究包括《拜占庭9到10世纪的城市和乡村》(1960)，研究9世纪和10世纪城乡关系；和《拜占庭11到12世纪统治阶级的社会构成》(1974)，这是一项有影响的关于对11世纪和12世纪拜占庭统治阶级结构的实证学和统计学研究。卡什但也为在亚美尼亚的研究领域作出了重大贡献，特别是撰写关于亚美尼亚人的文章，在他的《拜占庭11世纪到12世纪上层阶级中的亚美尼亚人》（1975年），阐述了在拜占庭帝国中期形成的统治帝国的精英阶级。

In 1975, Kazhdan's son, the mathematician David Kazhdan, emigrated to the United States, where he accepted a position at Harvard University. This produced an immediate change in Kazhdan's s妈咪爱益生菌ituation in the Soviet Union;[1] his wife, Musja, was fired from her position at a Moscow publishing house and censorship of his work by his superiors in the Soviet academic establishmen苹果账号t increased. In October 1978 Alexander and Musja left the Soviet Union, having received a visa for immigration to Israel, coming to the United States three years afterward. In February 1979 they arrived at Dumbarton Oaks, a center for Byzantine studies in Washington, D.C., where Kazhdan held the position of senior research associate until his death.[2]

孙振耀1975年，卡什但的儿子、数学家大卫·卡什但移民到美国，在那里他担任了哈佛大学的一个职位。这立即改变了卡什但在苏联的处境;他的妻子玛斯嘉被莫斯科一家出版社解雇，他在苏联学术界的上司也加大了对他作品的审查力度。1978年10月，亚历山大和玛斯嘉在获得以色列移民签证后离开苏联，三年后来到美国。1979年2月，他们来到了敦巴顿橡树园，这里是位于华盛顿特区的拜占庭研究中心，卡什但一直担任高酸洗缓蚀剂级研究员直到他去世。

Kazhdan耐克鞋's first major publications in English were collaborative: People and Power in Byzantium (1982), a broad ranging study of Byzantine society, was written with Giles Constable; Studies in Byzantine literature (1984) with Simon Franklin; and Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (1985) with Ann Wharton Epstein. His greatest English-language project was likewise a massive collaborative effort: the three-volume Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1991), edited by Kazhdan, was the first reference work of the sort ever to be published, and remains an indispensable point of departure for all areas of Byzantine studies. He wrote approximately 20%, or about 1,000, of the entries in the Dictionary, which are signed with his initials A.K.[2]

买沙发 卡什但主要英文出版物最初是合作出版的:《拜占庭的人民和权力》 (1982)，是和吉尔斯·康斯坦博合著的关于一本拜占庭社会的广泛研究的专著；与西蒙·富兰克林合著《拜占庭文献研究》(1984)；与安·沃顿·爱泼斯坦合著《11世纪和12世纪拜占庭文化上的变迁》(1985) ；他最伟大的英语研究课题同样也是一项大规模的合作项目：由卡什但编辑的三卷本《牛津拜占庭辞典》(1991)，这是有史以来出版的第一本参考书，至今仍是拜占庭研究所有领域不可忽略的专著。他本人写了大约20%，也就是大约1000个词条，这些词条都是用他的首字母缩写A.linux定时器K.签名的。

As Kazhdan became mor王恒屹e comfortable with English, his pace of publication once again matched that of his Russian years. His later scholarship is above all marked with a growing concern with Byzantine literature, parti只穿丝袜cularly hagiography.

随着卡什但对英语水平越来越得心应手，他再一次赶上了他在俄罗斯时的出版速度。最重要的是，他后来的学术成果显示他对拜占庭文学，尤其是圣徒传记的关注与日俱增。

Kazhdan died in Washington, D.C. in 1997. 54His death cut short his work on a monumental History of Byzantine Literature; however, the first volume of this work, covering the period from 650 to 850, was published in 1999.

卡什但于1997年在华盛顿特区去世。他的去世中断了他对《不朽的拜占庭文学史》作品的写作;然而，这本著作的第一卷于1999年出版，涵盖了从650年到850年的时期。

Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991)利用网络赚钱. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.

亚历山大·卡什但编辑(1991)，《牛津拜占庭辞典》第一卷。纽约:牛津大学出版社

Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 2. New York: Oxford University Press.

亚历山大·卡什但编辑(1991)，《牛津拜占庭辞典》第二卷。纽约:牛津大学出版社

Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. New York: Oxford University Press.

亚历山大·卡什但编辑(1991)，《定婚戒指牛津拜占庭辞典》第三卷。纽约:牛津大学出版社

全文翻译自维基百科英文版

en.wikipedia/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan?wprov=sfti1